The 2021 ranking took into account median salary, cost of living and the Bureau of Labor Statistics’ location quotient, which measures how concentrated an industry or occupation is in a single state compared to the nation as a whole.
A location quotient of 1.5, for example, means a state has 1.5 times the concentration of cardiologist jobs compared to the national average. A higher location quotient means more jobs are available in that state in a particular industry.
The top 25 states for cardiologists:
*Asterisk denotes states with certificate of need laws that do not regulate ASCs.
1. North Dakota
- Average annual salary: $221,066
- Location quotient: 1.77
- ASC per (100k) capita: 1.67
- CON law: No
2. Wisconsin
- Average annual salary: $205,911
- Location quotient: 2.4
- ASC per (100k) capita: 1.44
- CON law: No
3. Minnesota
- Average annual salary: $211,714
- Location quotient: 1.22
- ASC per (100k) capita: 1.42
- CON law: No
4. Maine
- Average annual salary: $201,409
- Location quotient: 3.71
- ASC per (100k) capita: 1.10
- CON law: Yes
5. Iowa
- Average annual salary: $205,973
- Location quotient: 1.03
- ASC per (100k) capita: 0.91
- CON law: Yes
6. Indiana
- Average annual salary: $211,105
- Location quotient: 0.87
- ASC per (100k) capita: 1.90
- CON law: Yes*
7. Ohio
- Average annual salary: $201,094
- Location quotient: 1.01
- ASC per (100k) capita: 1.65
- CON law: Yes*
8. Wyoming
- Average annual salary: $214,035
- Location quotient: 0.39
- ASC per (100k) capita: 3.12
- CON law: No
9. Alaska
- Average annual salary: $202,692
- Location quotient: 1.26
- ASC per (100k) capita: 2.45
- CON law: Yes
10. Missouri
- Average annual salary: $208,765
- Location quotient: 0.84
- ASC per (100k) capita: 1.66
- CON law: Yes*
11. Kentucky
- Average annual salary: $202,377
- Location quotient: 0.8
- ASC per (100k) capita: 0.78
- CON law: Yes
12. New Mexico
- Average annual salary: $196,886
- Location quotient: 1.73
- ASC per (100k) capita: 0.94
- CON law: No
13. Montana
- Average annual salary: $202,256
- Location quotient: 0.91
- ASC per (100k) capita: 1.75
- CON law: Yes*
14. Pennsylvania
- Average annual salary: $194,569
- Location quotient: 1.24
- ASC per (100k) capita: 1.91
- CON law: No
15. Colorado
- Average annual salary: $210,980
- Location quotient: 0.69
- ASC per (100k) capita: 2.32
- CON law: No
16. Tennessee
- Average annual salary: $196,769
- Location quotient: 0.92
- ASC per (100k) capita: 2.00
- CON law: Yes
17. Utah
- Average annual salary: $198,156
- Location quotient: 0.92
- ASC per (100k) capita: 1.38
- CON law: No
18. Washington
- Average annual salary: $197,077
- Location quotient: 1.49
- ASC per (100k) capita: 2.43
- CON law: Yes
19. North Carolina
- Average annual salary: $191,295
- Location quotient: 1.2
- ASC per (100k) capita: 1.24
- CON law: Yes
20. Kansas
- Average annual salary: $201,199
- Location quotient: 0.31
- ASC per (100k) capita: 2.28
- CON law: No
21. West Virginia
- Average annual salary: $187,887
- Location quotient: 1.31
- ASC per (100k) capita: 0.45
- CON law: Yes
22. South Dakota
- Average annual salary: $197,486
- Location quotient: 0.55
- ASC per (100k) capita: 1.69
- CON law: No
23. New Hampshire
- Average annual salary: $190,464
- Location quotient: 1.34
- ASC per (100k) capita: 1.96
- CON law: No
24. Idaho
- Average annual salary: $191,632
- Location quotient: 0.93
- ASC per (100k) capita: 2.99
- CON law: No
25. Georgia
- Average annual salary: $191,821
- Location quotient: 0.97
- ASC per (100k) capita: 3.44
- CON law: Yes
