Over the last few years, many physicians, including pain specialists, have re-examined not only their investment assumptions, but also their relationships with investment advisory professionals.
Declines in market values, like the 2007-2008 40-percent drop in the S&P 500, caused investors to rethink their investment strategies. Today's investors continue to question their strategies for a very different reason. The six-year period ending in calendar year 2015 rewarded investors with an average annual return of nearly 13 percent if they had allocated all of their investment to the S&P 500. Over this same period developed foreign stocks returned less than 2 percent1, Emerging Markets -1.2 percent2, and bonds 3.2 percent3. An extended period with exaggerated divergence in performance has investors questioning the benefits of diversification. Seven years after a 40 percent decline in the S&P 500, investors are asking themselves: Why don't I simply put all of my money in the S&P 500?
The volatility of market returns along with the cracking of the Wall Street foundation leaves many doctor-investors very uncomfortable with the idea of just staying the course. Who can blame physician investors for looking at other options for investment advice?
If you have thought about changing the direction you go with your investments or would value a second opinion on your current strategy, this article should prove helpful.
The Dangers of Reviewing a Firm's Past Performance
A common mistake that retail investors, including physicians, make when evaluating or selecting their investment advisor is to overrate the importance of an advisor's recent returns. There are reasons why this approach is flawed:
1. The time frame may be too short
When looking at an investment track record, many clients will ask for gross returns (already a mistake – see below) on a 1- 3- and 5-year basis. This is simply not enough data to make any concrete conclusions about skill versus randomness or even luck. In fact, ten years may not be enough. An in-depth examination of this issue is well beyond the scope of this short article. However, if you are truly interested in learning more about why such measurements must be looked at over decades, and why most investment performance claims may be based in luck, we recommend you to read the best-selling book Fooled by Randomness by Nassim Taleb.
2. Comparisons of Results Likely Not Apples to Apples
Even the common question, "how did your portfolio perform (last year)?" can lead to misleading answers in cases where portfolios are designed for individual clients. For example, at our firm, many of our clients have customized portfolios -- based on their risk tolerance, age, time horizon, tax bracket, objectives and a variety of other factors. As a result of various factors, it is entirely possible that Client A could see returns of 3 percent and Client B could have a portfolio gain of 20 percent over the same period. Both of these investors could be equally satisfied (or dissatisfied) and neither of these results may give you any helpful advice about your particular situation (as Client C). Only in situations when two investors have very similar goals, circumstances and objectives is any comparison worthwhile.
3. Past Performance is No Guarantee of Future Results
Anyone who has ever watched an investment firm's commercial on television, listened to an advertisement on the radio or read one in a newspaper or magazine is familiar with the phrase "past performance is no guarantee of future results." While this can be easily discarded as legalese by consumers, it is crucial for investors to understand. To illustrate one aspect of this principle, take a look at the chart below demonstrating the most recent extended period of outperformance by U.S. stocks. Notice the subsequent six years and how the results were reversed.
As you can see, performance chasing can be very detrimental to an investment portfolio. You cannot tell which asset class will have the highest returns, or the lowest, by simply looking at the recent historical data. This alone makes a strategy of chasing asset class-focused funds and managers based on their past results dubious at best.
Factors You Should Look for in Your Advisors
1. Two-Way Communication: A fundamental element of client service.
When polled, most clients of any professional advisor – from attorney, to CPA, to financial advisor – name "timely and effective two-way communication" as an essential element of a fruitful working relationship. Still, many investment advisors seem to focus more on returns. Even for those advisors who value customer service, certain business models within the investment business make such communication almost impossible.
As an example, consider the entire mutual fund industry – which many physicians utilize for a substantial portion of their investment portfolios. What communication does one get from such a fund – prospectuses, monthly and annual statements, perhaps a newsletter? Is there any individual consultation with investors on the portfolio mix or the tax impact of the buying/selling within the fund or the impact sales could have on an investor's tax liability? Generally, the answer is "no". This is because the fund industry is built on a low-cost low-service model where two-way communication with the folks actually managing the fund is cost prohibitive and rarely permitted.
When choosing an investment advisor to manage your portfolio, even if this choice involves finding assistance in the management of mutual funds or ETFs within a portfolio, one should expect much more communication as a fundamental element of client service. This doesn't simply mean that the advisor calls you when there is a hot new buy (as stockbrokers are notorious for). Rather, one should expect a defined communication process throughout the year that is independent of trade suggestions.
2. Transparent & Client-Aligned Business Model: A Must in Our View
Given the troublesome conflicts of interest that have come to light in the investment industry over the past few years, we feel that all investors (not just physicians) should work with financial firms that use a transparent business model and one that aligns the firm's interests with that of their clients. There are a number of elements to look for in such an arrangement:
A. Independent Custodian: Ideally, an investment firm does not act as custodian (i.e., hold) its clients' investments in the firm. Rather, the firm should have arrangements with a number of the largest independent custodians (such as Charles Schwab, TD Ameritrade, etc.) to hold their investments for safekeeping, while the investment firm manages the accounts. The inherent checks and balances of this type of arrangement prevents the insular secrecy that allowed Madoff, Stanford and other criminals to operate.
B. Client-Aligned Fee Model: Many clients today, physicians among them, are realizing that a clear fee-based model works best for them. Under such an arrangement, advisors charge a transparent, clearly-defined fee on assets they manage. Contrast this with the traditional convoluted transaction-charge model that most brokers utilize where a client pays based on trades in the account, regardless of whether the trade added value or not. In a fee-based model, not only do clients understand exactly what the fee is, but they also understand that the firm's interest is the same as theirs – seeing the portfolio increase in value. The annual management fee the investment firm earns is a percentage of the assets you have in your account with them. The more money you have, the more money the firm earns. Ask yourself: do you feel more comfortable paying advisors a set fee or commissions based on the number and size of the trades they make?
3. Focus on Your "Net" Return: What Else Matters?
Many investment clients focus primarily on management fees and expenses when evaluating advisors. While such costs are important, for most physicians, the annual fees might range from 50 basis points (0.5 percent) on the low end (very large portfolio in a fee model) to 300 basis points (or 3.0 percent) on the high end (mutual funds can be this high, as can broker transaction costs). Though this huge expense range (600 percent variability!) is one reason why we are so adamant about the AUM-based fee model above, this is NOT an investment client's largest expense. Rather—taxes usually are.
The cost of federal and state income and capital gains taxes on a portfolio depends on many factors – the underlying investments, the turnover, the structure in which the investments are held, the other income of the client, the client's state of residence, and others. For higher income investors such as physicians, taxes will nearly always be high... and with the new tax changes coming, these costs are likely going to be even higher. To gain perspective of how much taxation reduces your returns, consider this:
Over the period from 1987-2007, stock mutual fund investors lost, on average, 16-44-percent of their gains to taxes.4
The six year recovery of the U.S. stock market has exacerbated this problem for investors in the top tax bracket (which has increased to 39.6 percent since that data was released). All-time highs in the S&P 500 means mutual funds are no longer carrying losses to offset gains, and were passing large distributions to investors at record levels in 2014. Given that some investors are losing between 1/6 and nearly half of their gains to taxes, one would think this would be a focus of value-added investment firms. Unfortunately, mutual funds themselves provide no tax advice to their investors. They provide only 1099 tax statements in January. Even stockbrokers, money managers, hedge fund managers and financial advisors at the nation's largest or most prestigious niche firms do not offer tax suggestions – and their compliance departments are glad they don't – because they are prohibited from doing so. Tax advice could include specific techniques for limiting tax consequences of transactions or more general tax diversification in portfolios. As a result of these limitations, most investment clients are not getting the tax suggestions they want.
But don't investors want this tax focus from their investment firms? What is more important to you: the gross return your investment firm boasts in its marketing materials or your net after-tax return? Unless you generously want to give more to state and federal governments than you need to, the net after-tax return is the only measure that should truly matter.
With full disclosure, our firm is one that understands the focus on after-tax returns. That is one of the reasons we have a CPA on our team. While we are certainly not the only firm that does so, very few firms offer this expertise. As capital gains and income taxes – both at the state and federal level – may rise in the near future, we would expect more investors to look for tax expertise in their investment team as well.
Conclusion
With continued volatility and potential tax increases ahead of us, many physician investors are wisely re-examining their financial advisor relationships. If you are one of these physicians, be sure to focus on the right factors in evaluating potential new advisors so you make intelligent, well-informed decisions. The authors welcome your questions. You can contact them at 877-656-4362 or through their website www.ojmgroup.com.
SPECIAL OFFERS: To receive a free hardcopy of For Doctors Only: A Guide to Working Less & Building More, please call 877-656-4362. Visit www.ojmbookstore.com and enter promotional code ASCCOM32 for a free ebook download of For Doctors Only or the shorter For Doctors Only Highlights for your Kindle or iPad.
Jason M. O'Dell, MS, CWM is a consultant, author of a number of books for doctors, including For Doctors Only: A Guide to Working Less & Building More, and principal of the financial consulting firm OJM Group www.ojmgroup.com, where Andrew Taylor, CFP®, works as an investment advisor. They can be reached at 877-656-4362 or odell@ojmgroup.com.
1 MSCI EAFE Index
2 MSCI Emerging Market Index
3 Barclays Interm Govt/Credit Bond Index
4 Mutual fund tracker Lipper, quoted on CNN/Money.com 4/17/07.
Disclosure:
OJM Group, LLC. ("OJM") is an SEC registered investment adviser with its principal place of business in the State of Ohio. OJM and its representatives are in compliance with the current notice filing and registration requirements imposed upon registered investment advisers by those states in which OJM maintains clients. OJM may only transact business in those states in which it is registered, or qualifies for an exemption or exclusion from registration requirements. For information pertaining to the registration status of OJM, please contact OJM or refer to the Investment Adviser Public Disclosure web site www.adviserinfo.sec.gov.
For additional information about OJM, including fees and services, send for our disclosure brochure as set forth on Form ADV using the contact information herein. Please read the disclosure statement carefully before you invest or send money.
This article contains general information that is not suitable for everyone. The information contained herein should not be construed as personalized legal or tax advice. There is no guarantee that the views and opinions expressed in this article will be appropriate for your particular circumstances. Tax law changes frequently, accordingly information presented herein is subject to change without notice. You should seek professional tax and legal advice before implementing any strategy discussed herein.
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